MiCA (EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation)
Related service Blockchain & smart contracts
DEFINITION
The EU's crypto-asset regulation, adopted 2024 and fully effective 2025-2026. Supervised by MNB in Hungary. Covers: crypto exchanges, wallets, stablecoin issuers, certain NFT platforms, crypto payment providers. Requires authorisation or notification; mandatory KYC, financial supervision, consumer protection. For Hungarian SMBs: if you accept crypto payments or offer a crypto product to the Hungarian market, you're in scope.
- Smart contract→
Code running on a blockchain (Solidity, Rust) that auto-executes an agreement. A single bug can cost nine figures · why we audit, fuzz, and threat-model before deploy.
- Solidity→
The primary language for EVM-compatible blockchains (Ethereum, Arbitrum, Base). Pascal-like syntax, low-level memory handling, TS-compatible toolchain (Foundry, Hardhat).
- EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine)→
The shared execution environment across Ethereum and compatible chains (Arbitrum, Base, Polygon, Optimism). Writing a contract here means it runs on all of them.
- L2 (Layer 2)→
A secondary network (Arbitrum, Base, Optimism, zkSync) settling on Ethereum (L1) but much faster and cheaper. Rollups bring 10–100× lower gas.
- Invariant test→
A test that verifies a universal rule ('sum of user balances always equals total supply'). Feeds the contract random transaction sequences; the rule must hold in every state.
- Fuzz test→
Running millions of pseudo-random inputs through a function to find a combination that breaks it. Echidna or Foundry fuzz campaigns.
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